ssZhhpw Umhn

ssZhhpw Umhn\pw

tdmanse {KntKmdnb kIemimebnse kntmknbw

_nj]v tPmk^v Idmv

1809, s^{_phcn 12mw XobXnbmWv (Cwn) Nmkv tdm_v Umhn P\nXv. Atlns P\\ns 200mw hmjnIamWtm 2009. Hw, hnizJymXn t\Snb Atlns Origin of Species F {Kns 150mw hmjnIhpw. Cu cp kp{][m\kw`hsf tImnWnsmv hnm kvt]mk sNp Hcp kntmknbw tdmanse kp{]knamb {KntKmdnb kIemimebn \SpIbmWv (amv 3  7). ssZhhpw imkv{Xhpw Xn i{XpXbnespw, k` kXym[njvTnXamb imkv{Xs FXnpn Fpw HcnqSn Cu kw`hw \s ]Tnnpp. imkv{Xob ]T\v k` XSasv Itmenmhnizmkns XncpkwLw {]os^IvSv In\m hneyw sehmU Cu Znhkfn Hmnnp. hnms tat\mn Cu kntmknbw {IaoIcnXv t]mpe aoUnbmbnepw km[mcWmcpsS a\nepap Nne sXnmcWI Xncpphm\pwIqSnbmWv. AXmbXv aXhpw imkv{Xhpw Xn Asn hnizmkhpw bpnbpw Xn ]ckv]cw FXntm AItbm C Fv t_mysSpm\mWv. Cu AtZiob kntmknbspdnv In\m sehmU ]dbpp: ]cnWmahpw hnizmkhpw ]ckv]c]qcIfmWv. ]cnWmahmZn\p imkv{Xob ASndbnepw {kjvSmhmb ssZhnep hnizmknepw GsXmcp kXymt\zjI\pw icWw hbvmw. Ah cpw ]ckv]c hncpf. ]cnWmans imkv{Xobkz`mhnepw ssZhnepw Hcph\p hnizknphm hnimeamb km[yXIsfmapsv (wide spectrum of room) In\m Hmnnpp. imkv{Xt_m[ap kaqlhpambnv iamb kw`mjWn GsSm k` B{Klnpp FXns sXfnht{X Cu kntmknbw. temI{]kncmb _tbmfPnpIfpw ]msesbtmfPnpIfpw, tamfnIyqe sPs\nknpw, XnbtfmPnbkpw ^ntemkt^gvkpw ]sSpp Cu kntmknbw ]cn. knwlmk\w imkv{Xs F{X KuchtmsS ImWpp FXns sXfnhpIqSnbmWv. In\m sehmU ]dbpp: ""krjvSn, Ncn{Xn kw`hn Hcp bmYmyamWv. AXn\v ]cnWmaw kw`hnnpv. BXynIambnv ssZhamWv Fmnsbpw {kjvSmhv.'' ]cn. knwlmk\w imkv{Xns {]m[m\yw Xnfbpn. ]s Richard Dawkins s\tmse ssZhanm Fp hmZnp ]cnWmaknmw k` ]qambpw Xnfbpp. {KntKmdnb kIemimebnse kntmknbn ]sSpp Cwnse lot{Xmv tImtfPnse s{]m^k John McDade ]dbpp: ""aXhpw imkv{Xhpw Xn tbmPnp t]mIp At\Iw hgnIfpv. Umhns\tmsebp NnI ]dphXv temIn \Sp ImcyfpsS koXbmWv. ssZhamWv temIs ]cn]menpXv F NntbmSv AXv tbmPnpt]mIpXmWv. imkv{Xn\v AXlnp kzmX{yw \evIWw. AXv aXn\pw imkv{Xn\pw Hcpt]mse \XmWv''. {KntKmdnb kIemimebnseXs s{]m^kdmbncnp Gennaro Auletta ]dbpp: ""Umhn\nkns t\v k` Hcnepw im]hmpI samgnnn''.

Cu Ahkcn \mw Adnncnt Hcp {][m\ Imcyw ]cnWmaw F Bibw Umhns krjvSnb FXpXsbmWv. {InkvXphn\v Bdp\qmpIpapv Pohnncp bh\ NnI\mb A\mIvknam Fm PohnIfpw ISense ayfn\nmWv DcpncnsXv hnizknncpp. Icbn Pohnm XpSnbtXmsS {ItaW Ch amv hnt[bambt{X.

]cnWmas ssZhhnNmcn BZyambn DsmnpXv thZ]mcwKX\mb hn. BKkvXnt\mkmWv. temIkrjvSnsbpdnp Atlns NnI thZ{Knse D]nhnhcWsf Fs\ hymJym\nWw Fv \s ]Tnnpp. a\pjys BmshmgnsI asm {]]bmYmyfpsSbpw hnpI (Rationes Seminales) ssZhns Ftbvpambp GIkrjvSnIn Dtncnpp. apw Pehpw A\ptbmPyamIptm Cu hnpI ]qhf {]m]npp. {]IrXn\nbav hnt[bambn, kab{]hmlns bpn\pkrXw, {ItaW A\mhrXamIp auenIkrjvSnIspdnmWv (original act of creation) hn. BKkvXnt\mkv kwkmcnpXv. a[yIme ssZhimkv{X]WvUnX\mb tXmakv AIzn\mknepw ]cnWmaNnI ImWmw.

]cnWmaw Umhns Ip]nSpasn imkv{Xn\v Atlw \evInb X\Xmb kw`mh\ FmWv? {]IrXn \n[mcWw (Natural Selection) hgnbp ]cnWmaw FXmWv Umhns knmw. {]IrXnimkv{X]T\nembncpp Umhns {i. Umhns Nnsb efnXambn Cs\ kw{Klnmw: cq]mctfmSpIqSnb ]nXpSbmWv ]cnWmaw. {]]n Cv \mw ImWp ssPhsshhn[yw ]cnanXamb {]mIv cq]fn\nv DcpncnhbmWv. Pohs Dhspdnv Umhn kwkmcnpn. PohPmXnIfpsS Dev]nbmWv Umhns hnjbw. BZyapmbncp GXm\pw PohnI XnIpw {]IrXnklPamb {]{InbIfneqsS amv hnt[bambn, Fs\ sshhn[yamp FXnemWv Umhns {i. HdnPn Hm^v kv]ojokv F IrXn 20tesd hjfnse ]T\^eamWv. AXns apgph tImnIfpw {]knoIcn ZnhkwXs hngnp. Hcp hns] PohnIXnepw hn`nXIfpsv Umhn Isn. Nne hn`nXI {]ka. Fm apNneXv PohnbpsS AXnPoh\s klmbnpItbm XSsSppItbm sNpw. Npp]mSpIv A\ptbmPyamb khntijXIfp PohnI Xgphfcpw. \nmchn`nXIt]mepw D]tbmK{]ZamsWn imizXoIcnp XXzsbmWv Umhn {]IrXn\n[mcWw Fv hnfnpXv. aphmn, A\ptbmPyamb kz`mhkhntijXIsfbpw Ahbp PohnItfbpw {]IrXn XncsSpp {]{InbbmWv {]IrXn \nmcWw. Cu {]{Inbbn \mw ImWpXv tbmKycmbhcpsS AXnPoh\amWv. tbmKycmbh FXn\v Ghpw anIXv Ftm, Fhpw i Ftm Aan. Atlns ]pkvXIns ]qcq]n CsXmapv: On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the struggle for life. (1859)

Nmkv Umhns\ aXhpambp bpn imkv{Xns apWn t]mcmfnbmbn hntijnnphcpv. Fm Ncn{X]T\ \evIp Nn{Xw hyXykvXamWv. PohPmev AhbpsS Npp]mSpItfmSp "]cn]q A\pcq]oIcWw' (Perfect adaptation) apXemb ASnm\]camb ssZhimkv{XNnI Umhns knms kzm[o\nnpspam{Xa, aX]camb A`n{]mb Cu knmns A\pIqeamb kzoIcWn\v hgnshnpapv. Umhns\ BZyw A\pIqenhcn ]ecpw HmIvkvt^mUv kIemimebnse Bwtm Itmencmbncpp.

Umhns ]cnWmaknmw Cv kzoImcyamsWn AXn\v Umhn ISsncnpXv Hcp km[mcWk\ymksshZnIt\mSmWv. P\nXIimkv{Xns ]nXmhv FdnbsSp {KnK saU BWXv. A\ptbmPyamb khntijXI Hcp Xeapdbn\npw asmntebvv ssIamw sNsSpXv Fs\sbv hniZoIcnm Umhn\v km[nncpn. 1871 saU ]bdpsNSnIfn \Snb ]coWfmWv ]nevmev ]mccyns hmlIcmb Po\pIfpsS Ip]nSpn\v hgnsXfnXv. 1950Ifn DNAbpsS LS\ Ip]nSntXmsSbmWv ]cnWmaknmw ]qambXv. P\nXIimkv{Xhpw ]cnWmaknmhpw As\ Iqnappp.

Umhns BibtfmSv Akm[mcWamb {]XnIcW Dmbn, {]tXyInpw aXmItaJebn. ]ecpw ]cnWmahmZs FXnp. ImcWw AXv AhcpsS aXmIImgvNmSpItfmSv tNpt]mIpambncpn. Bwn k`mt\XrXzw Cu knms iambn FXnncpp. ItmencpsS {]XnIcWhpw hfsc hyXykvXambncpn. A[nIw sshImsX ]cnWmahmZns taI P\ Xncndnbm XpSn. Cwnse ImUn\ \yqam Umhn\kns hyamb ktm Bbncpp. ]cnWmahmZtmSp Itmenmk`bpsS BZy HutZymKnI {]XnIcWw ImWpXv 1950 ]pdsSphn Humani Generis F ]{mw ]obqkv am]mbpsS Nm{InIteJ\nemWv. A\pIqetam {]XnIqetam Bb \ne]msSSpmsX ]cnWmahmZw Kuchamb ]T\w Alnp hnjbamsWv am{Xw teJ\w ]dbpp. ]cnWmahmZs a\nemnsmp k`bpsS BZy{]XnIcWw ImWpXv 1996 Pontifical Academy of Science tPm t]m cma am]mmbpsS ktinemWv. ]cnWmahmZw ""shdpsamcp A\pam\a'' (more than a mere hypothesis) Fv am]m ]dbpp. kXytmSv Xpcw ]dbm kXyn\v kmyasv am]m kss[cyw ]dbpp. Atlw hnhn "kXy' ]cnWmaspdnp imkv{Xob kXyhpw hnizmkns k\mX\kXyfpamWv.

aXsbpw imkv{Xsbpw i{Xpfmtbm an{Xfmtbm Umhn Incpn FXmWv hmkvXhw. aXhpw imkv{Xhpw IqnpgbvmXncnm \nXmPm{KX ]penbncp hynbmWv Umhn. Hcnepw Atlw ssZhimkv{X]ctam kmaqlyimkv{X]ctam Bb taJeIfntebvv ISn. ssZhspdntm [mnIXsbpdntm temIspdntm XmXznIamb {]kvXmh\Isfmpw \SmsX, imkv{Xns taJebnam{Xw HXpngnbm\mWv Atlw B{KlnXv. ("I have confined myself to Science") aXhncp {]kvXmh\Ifn\nv Atlw {im]qhw Hgnp\np. Cp hnScpIbpw \msf hmSnsmgnbpIbpw sNp Nne ""Ip]nSp''fpsS t]cn ssZhns\Xnsc Bt{Iminp, \ncoizcns hmfn\npw (DZm Richard Dawkins) F{Xtbm hyXykvX\mWv Umhn. 1830Ifn cq]sSpnb Bib 1859hsc Atlw {]knoIcnn. Xs hmZapJ Ipahn[w, Ghpw hkvXpXm\njvTambn AhXcnnm\mWv Atlw atbmsS ImncpXv. a\pjys ]cnWmaspdnv Cu {Kn (Origin of Species) Atlw {]Xn]mZnpn FXmWv asmcp kXyw. 1871 FgpXnb Descent of Man F {KnemWv Umhn Cu hnjbw ]cmainpXv. ssieokpJn\pthn Ipcn\nmWv a\pjy\pmbXv Fp ]dbph Umhns\ efnXhXvcnpIbmWv. CcpImenepbp\n GtXm ]qnIcn\nv hgn]ncnhcmWv IpcpIfpw a\pjycpw FmWv Umhn ]TnnXv. AmsX Ipcn\nmWv a\pjy DmbXv F. PohtemIns ]ckv]c_spdnpw a\pjyPohs {]tXyIXIsfpdnpamWv Atlw ]dXv. aXaWvUefn Umhn Gsd sXncnsncpp Fv ta]d Imcy hyampptm. Umhn\v [mcmfw FXnpI Dmbncpp. Atls sXmb coXnbn a\nemnbXpsImpw sXmb knmcq]oIcWn\v Atlns Bib kzoIcnXpsImpamWv Cu {]iv\w kwPmXambXv. IyqWnv {]Xybimkv{X cq]oIcnm ImdamIvkpw, Bcyta[mhnXzw m]nphm lnvedpw Umhns knm D]tbmKnnpv. kaqlnse Ghpw _elo\sc hnthN\tmsS ImWp \nbasf km[qIcnm ]cnWmahmZs D]tbmKnphcpv. [mnIkmaqlnIXefn cmjv{SobeytmsS Umhns\ D]tbmKnph Atls HnsmSppp.

]cnWmahmZw AXns aXmIXbvv FXnc. tdman \Sp kntmknbspdnv km{XnIk`bpsS am\hkwkvmcn\p s]mn^nIuknens Ay Bp_nj]v {^mtm dhmkn ]dp: ""Umhns ]cnWmahmZw ss{IkvXhImgvNmSns\ shphnfnpX''. ssZhn\v m\ap Hcp ]cnWmahmZapv. {]IrXn\nbav hnt[bamb Hcp ]cnWma{]{InbbneqsS ssZhw a\pjys\ krjvSnp FXv bpn`{Zamb NnbmWv. a[yImek`bpsS Ghpw henb ssZhimkv{X\mb tXmakv AIzn\mkv CXp hyamppv: True contingency in the created order is not incompatible with a purposeful divine providence. krjvSnIn ssZhn\v Hcp m\hpw \ImsX \ncoizcXXzimkv{Xns ASnm\ambn ]cnWmahmZs D]tbmKnpXns\bmWv Itmenmk` FXnpXv. a\pjy\pw arKhpw Xn Hcp hyXymkhpan Fp ]dbp ]cnWmahmZsbmWv k` FXnpXv. Umhns ]cnWmaknms Bgambn ]TnWsa NnXsbmWv _\UnIvSv am]mmbpw ]pepXv. AXns Aw Umhn ]dsXmw kzoIcnmw F. am]qw hnai\_pntbmsS A]{KYnp]Tnt HmWv Umhns knmw. AXntebvp Ghpw henb Hcp \oamWv tdman Ctm Ahkm\np kntmknbw.

Xs PohnXmhkm\Imev Umhn FgpXpp: ""Hcmv Htckabw ssZhhnizmknbpw ]cnWmahmZnbpw BIm km[nptam Fv inpXv hntcm[m`mkamsWv F\nv tXmpp.'' Xs acWnSnbn Umhn ]cnWmahmZw \ncmIcnp Fp ]dbphcpv. ]t Ahkm\\nanjw hsc ip{iqjn aIfpsS hmpI {itbat{X: ""Atlw Hcnepw Xs imkv{Xob XXz ]nhennn. acWkabtm, AXn\paptm''. ss__nfnse D]nhnhcWsf hmNnIambn am{Xw hymJym\np krjvSnhmZw (creationism) ]cnWmahmZs Ftmgpw FXnppv. XnIpw ssZhimkv{X]camb HmbXn\m krjvSnhmZs sskmnIambn imkv{Xn D]tbmKnpXv icnb FXmWv hnZKv]w. asmv ID AYhm Intelligent Design F hmZamWv. {]IrXn hfsc koambXn\m AXv ssZhns IcthebmhWw FXmWv ID hmfpsS hmZw. CXpw HcpXcw krjvSnhmZamsWmWv ]cnWmahmZnIfpsS ]w.

tdman \Sp kntmknbns ImX: k` ]cnWmahmZs ]qambn FXnpItbm XnfbpItbm sNpn. krjvSnhmZs BhiynIqSpX t{]mmlnnppan. ssZhan Fp ]dbp ]cnWmahmZw Aiq\yamWv. k` AXns\ FXnpp. ID sbpdnv In\m sehmU ]dbpp: ""hnm AXv {inpIbpw tIpIbpw sNpp''. ss__nfnse D]nhnhcW ssZha\pjy_spdnmWv. "Fs\' F tNmZyn\pdw "FpsImv' F tNmZyn\mWv ss__n Dcw \evIpXv.