GIPmeI{]thi\coXn: amdvds¸tSWvS If¦w
AsænÂ
GIPmeIw ZpcnX PmeIw
amÀ tPmk^v IÃd§m«v

tIcf kwØm\s¯ Krlm´co£w XIÀ¯Xv hnZym`ymktaJebn \S¯ns¡mWvSncn¡p¶ A]Izamb ]cnjv¡mc§fmWv. C¶v Cu Iq«pIpSpw_¯nse AwK§Ä Ieln¨p\nev¡pIbmWv. Hcp cmPy¯n\v sFIyw ]ItcWvS {][m\taJe s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKat{X. tIcfkwØm\s¯ kzm{ibtaJebnepWvSm¡nb {]iv\§Ä, KEAR ]cnjv¡cW]²XnIÄ, ]mTy]²Xn ]cnjv¡cWw, Ct¸mÄ lbÀ sk¡âdnbntebv¡pÅ GIPmeI {]thi\coXn XpS§nbhsbÃmw Cu sFIys¯ IcWvSpXn¶p¶ s]cpwNmgnIfmbn amdnbncn¡pIbmWv. hnZym`ymkcwKs¯ ]XÀ¨bv¡pw XIÀ¨bv¡pw Ch ImcWambn.
GIPmeIw
Ct¸mÄ lbÀ sk¡âdn hnZym`ymkcwK¯p kÀ¡mÀ \S¸nem¡m³ Dt±in¡p¶ GIPmeI AUvanj³ k{¼Zmbw (Single Window System) XpS¨pamdvds¸tSWvS Hcp If¦w am{XamWv. saUn¡Â þ F³Pn\obdnwKv XpS§nb kmt¦XnI hnZym`ymkcwK¯v kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp AUvanj³coXnbmWv GIPmeIk{¼Zmbw. s]mXp{]thi\]co£bn e`n¡p¶ amÀ¡nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv hnhn[ tImtfPpIfntebv¡pw tImgvkpIfntebv¡papÅ AUvanj³ \S¡p¶Xv. {]thi\]co£bv¡p]Icw SSLC ]co£bv¡v hnhn[ hnjb§Ä¡v e`n¡p¶ t{KUnsâbpw Ip«n Bhiys¸Sp¶ {][m\hnjb¯nsâbpw ASnØm\¯n PnÃmXe¯n X¿mdm¡s¸Sp¶ dm¦venÌv A\pkcn¨mWv lbÀ sk¡âdnXe¯n GIPmeIkwhn[m\¯nepÅ AUvanj³. Cu dm¦nsâ ASnØm\¯n PnÃbnepÅ GXp kvIqÄ, GXv tImgvkv F¶v CâÀs\dvdneqsS Adnbn¨v \S¯p¶ Hcp tI{µoIrX AUvanj³ coXnbmWnXv. DbÀ¶ t{KUv e`n¡p¶ Ip«nIÄ¡v AhÀ B{Kln¡p¶ kvIqfpw k_vPdvdpw e`nt¨¡pw. Xmgv¶ t{KUv e`n¡p¶ hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v X§Ä B{Kln¡p¶ kvIqÄ e`n¡m\pÅ km[yX Ipdbp¶p. BZyw AUvanj³ e`n¡p¶ kvIqfn Hmtcm hnZymÀ°nbpw tNcWw. AXn\ptijapÅ Atem«psaâpIfneqsS hnZymÀ°n ap³KW\ \ÂInb GsX¦nepw kvIqfn Hgnhph¶m AhnsS tNcmhp¶XmWv. ^okv Hcn¡Â am{Xw AS¨m aXnbmhpw. Hm¸¬ sacndvdnepw kwhcW¯nepamWv Cu coXnbn {]thi\w \S¯pI. I½yqWndvdn kodvdpIfnepw amt\Ppsaâv tIzm«mIfnepw {]thi\w AXmXv kvIqfpIÄ¡pXs¶ \S¯mhp¶XmWv.
\nehnepÅ {]thi\coXn
hfsc kpXmcyXbpw imkv{Xobkz`mhhpapÅ Hcp \S]Sn{Iaa\pkcn¨mWv Ct¸mÄ tIcf¯nse lbÀ sk¡WvSdn kvIqfpIfn {]thi\w \S¯ns¡mWvSncn¡p¶Xv. kÀ¡mÀ kvIqfpIfn 60% P\d (Hm¸¬) sadndvdpw 40% kwhcW kodvdpIfpamWv. FbvUUv (nonminority) kvIqfpIÄ 50% Hm¸¬ sadndvdpw 30% amt\Ppsaâv tIzm«mbpw 20% ]«nIPmXn þ ]«nIhÀ¤kwhcWhpamWv. \yq\]£ FbvUUv kvIqfpIfn 40% Hm¸¬sadndvdpw 20% I½yqWndvdnbpw, 20% amt\Ppsaâv tIzm«mIfnepw, _m¡nbpÅ 20% ]«nIPmXnþ]«nIhÀ¤ hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pÅ kwhcWhpamWv. ChsbÃmw IrXyambn sacndvdv ASnØm\¯n dm¦venÌv X¿mdm¡nbmWv {]thi\w \S¯p¶Xv. {]thi\¯n GsX¦nepw hogvNIÄ DtWvSm F¶v ]cntim[n¡phm³ kÀ¡mÀ \nb{´W¯nÂXs¶ kwhn[m\§fpapWvSv. {]thi\w ]qÀ¯nbmbm DS³Xs¶ sacndvdv enÌpw AUvanj³ cPnÌdnsâ Hcp tIm¸nbpw _Ôs¸« apgph³ tcJIfpw BÀ.Un.Un.bv¡v Ab¨psImSp¡p¶papWvSv. C{]Imcw XnI¨pw kpXmcyamb Hcp AUvanj³ k{¼Zmbs¯ A«nadn¡m\pÅ {ia¯n\p]n¶n KqVe£y§fpsWvS¶v BÀ¡pw a\Ênem¡mhp¶tXbpÅq.
GIPmeIw ZpcnXPmeIw
IgnªhÀjw Xncph\´]pcw PnÃbn ]co£WmSnØm\¯n \S¯nb GIPmeIkwhn[m\w h³hnPbambncp¶p F¶p kÀ¡mÀ A`nam\n¡p¶p. GIPmeIkwhn[m\¯n ASnØm\]camb XIcmdpIÄ GsdbpWvSv. s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKs¯ kzm`mhnIX \jvSs¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp k{¼ZmbamWv GIPmeI{]thi\coXn. lbÀ sk¡âdn kvIqfpIÄ Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ Hmtcm Øe¯papÅ hnZymÀ°nIsf ap¼n IWvSpsImWvSv {]mtZinIambn«mWv kvIqfpIÄ A\phZn¨Xv. B {]tZis¯ P\§fpsS A²zm\hpw aqe[\hpw AXnepWvSv. Hcp {]tZi¯pÅ Ip«nIÄ¡v AhnSs¯ kvIqfnÂXs¶ ]Tn¡phm\pÅ kuIcyamWv Dt±in¨ncp¶Xv. \m«pImcmb A[ym]ItcmSpw km[mcW¡mtcmSpw CS]gIn Hcp {]mtZinI_Ôw hfÀ¯m³ Cu kwhn[m\w Gsd D]Imcs¸Spw F¶ Nn´bpw AXnsâ ]n¶nepWvSmbncp¶p. Ip«nIfpsS ]cnioe\¯n\v Bhiyamb sshImcnILSI§fpw CXn DÄt¨À¡s¸«n«pWvSv. kz´w Øe¯nsâ aqeyw A\p`hn¨dnªv tZiobkwkv¡mc¯nsâ alXzw {Kln¡phm\pw CXv Gsd D]Imcs¸Spambncp¶p. F¶m GIPmekwhn[m\w \S¸nembt¸mÄ Hcp hnZymÀ°n¡v Hcp Unkv{SnIvdvdnse GsX¦nepsamcp kvIqfn AUvanj³ F¶mbn amdn. AXmbXv Hcp \à ]¦v hnZymÀ°nIfpw ZqscbpÅ Øe¯v ]Tn¡phm³ \nÀ_Ôn¡s¸SpIbmWv GIPmeI coXnhgn. Xncph\´]pcw PnÃbnse an¡ kvIqfpIfnepw 20þ30 In. aodvdÀ bm{X sNbvXv kvIqfnset¯WvS KXntISnemWv an¡ hnZymÀ°nIfpw. aq¶pw \mepw _ÊpIÄ amdnamdn bm{X sNt¿WvSXmbpwhcp¶p.
Ct¸mÄ \nehnepÅ kwhn[m\¯nsâ Ipdhmbn kÀ¡mÀ NqWvSn¡mWn¡p¶Xv ]e kvIqfpIfnepw AUvanj³ Hcpan¨p \S¡p¶XpsImWvSv AhnsSsbÃmw k¶nlnXcmIm³ hnZymÀ°nIfpw AhcpsS c£nXm¡fpw hnjan¡p¶p F¶XmWv. F¶m GIPmeIk{¼Zmb¯neqsS hnZqcØe§fn {]thi\w e`n¡p¶ hnZymÀ°nIfpsS cWvSphÀjs¯ t¢i§Ä Bcpw ImWp¶nÃ. F{X hnZymÀ°nIfpsS hoSpIfn CâÀs\dvdv kuIcyapWvSv F¶pIqSn kÀ¡mÀ ]Tn¡Ww. ssltd©nse CeIv{Snkndvdnt]mepanÃm¯ aetbmc{]tZi§sf¸dvdnbpw, ae_mdnse km[mcW¡mcmb IÀjIsc¸dvdnbpw, tem td©nse km[mcW¡mcmb IÀjIsc¸dvdnbpw kÀ¡mÀ Nn´n¡p¶nà F¶XmWv kXyw. CâÀs\dvdv It^Ifn CXn\pthWvSn apSt¡WvSnhcp¶ XpIsb¸dvdnbpw kÀ¡mcn\v Nn´bnÃ.
s{]m^jW tImtfPpIfnse {]thi\coXntbbmWv ChnsS kÀ¡mÀ amXrIbm¡nbncn¡p¶Xv. tIcf¯nse FÃm s{]m^jW tImtfPpItfmS\p_Ôn¨pw tlmÌ kuIcy§fpWvSv. F¶m lbÀ sk¡âdnItfmS\p_Ôn¨v C¯cw kwhn[m\§Ä H¶pwXs¶bnÃ. am{Xhpaà s]mXphnZym`ymk¯n s]Sp¶ km[mcW¡msc tlmÌepIfn \ndp¯n ]cnioen¸n¡phm³ amXm]nXm¡Ä¡v km[yhpaÃ.
cWvSphÀjs¯ lbÀ sk¡âdn hnZym`ymk¯neqsS, sXcsªSp¡s¸Sp¶ ]T\hnjb§fn Hcp hnZymÀ°n {]mhoWyw t\SWsa¶pw D¶XhnZym`ymk¯n\pÅ Ifsamcp¡Wsa¶pamWv Dt±in¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. hfsc hn]peamb Hcp kne_ÊmWv ]Tn¸n¡phm\pÅXpw. GIPmeI¯n Gdvdhpa[nIw ]cpt¡Â¡p¶Xpw Cu ]T\{]{Inbbv¡mWv. ¢mÊpIÄ Bcw`n¨mepw Hmtcm Atem«vsaâv Ignbpt¼mgpw hnZymÀ°nIÄ h¶pwt]mbpancn¡pw. IgnªhÀjw Xncph\´]pcw PnÃbnse Atem«vsaâpIfpw advdpkvIqfpIfnÂ\n¶v HgnªpInS¡p¶ kodvdpIfnte¡pÅ {Sm³kv^dpIfpw FÃmw Ignªt¸mÄ \hw_Àamkambncp¶p. ¢mÊpIÄ XpS§n aq¶pw \mepw amkw Ignªv ¢mÊnse¯p¶ hnZymÀ°nIfpsS AhØ F´mbncn¡pw? hnZymÀ°nIsf am{XaÃ, A[ym]IcpsS tPmenØncXtbbpw GIPmeIw _m[n¡mXncn¡nÃ. Atem«psaâpIfn hcp¶ Ak´penXmhØaqew ]e `mjm[ym]IÀ¡pw tPmen \jvSs¸Sm³ km[yXbpWvSv.
\yq\]£mhImiw IhÀs¶Sp¡Â
ZoÀLImeambn Hmtcm hnZym`ymkØm]\¯n\pw \nehnepWvSmbncp¶ Hcp AhImiamWv hnZymÀ°nIfpsS {]thi\w. D¶XhnZym`ymkcwK¯v, {]tXyIn¨v kzm{ibtaJebnse hnZymÀ°n{]thi\w kz´am¡m\pÅ kÀ¡mÀ \o¡§Ä CXn\pap¼pw DWvSmbn«pWvSv. F¶m kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkcwK¯v C¯csamcp \o¡w BZyambn«mWv. advdpÅhcpsS \ymbamb AhImi§fnt·Â IS¶m{Ian¡p¶Xv Hcp kÀ¡mcn\v tbmPn¨ {]hr¯nbÃ. GIPmeI{]thi\coXn lbÀ sk¡âdn kvIqfpIfpsS tZikm¡cW¯nsâ BZy]SnbmWv. kÀ¡mÀ \S¯p¶ {]Øm\§sfÃmw \ÃXmsW¶pw kzImcytaJe apgph³ sImÅcpXm¯sX¶papÅ ImelcWs¸« amÀIvknÌv {]Xyb imkv{X¯nsâ DbnÀs¯gpt¶ev]mWv ChnsS ImWp¶Xv. CjvSapÅ hnZym`ymkØm]\§Ä Bcw`n¡phm\pw AXv `cn¨v \S¯phm\papÅ Cu \m«nse \yq\]£ kapZmb§fpsS AhImi§sf A«nadn¡p¶ H¶mWv GIPmeI{]thi\ coXn. hnZymeb§Ä `cn¨v \S¯phm\pÅ AhImi§fn A´Àeo\amWv A[ym]I\nba\w, hnZymÀ°n{]thi\w, A¨S¡ ]me\w XpS§nbh. kÀ¡mcnsâ [\klmbw kzoIcn¡p¶Xnsât]cn \yq\]£Øm]\§fpsS AhImi§Ä H¶pw \jvSamInà F¶v \nch[n \ymb§fneqsS kp{]owtImSXn {]Jym]n¨n«pÅXmWv. `cWm[nImcnIfpsS DÄ_ew P\k½nXnbmsW¶ kXyw tIcf¯nse CSXpkÀ¡mÀ ]msS ad¡pIbmWv. NnXwsI« CS]mSpIÄ XpSsc¯pSsc \S¯ns¡mWvSv hnZymÀ°nIsf izmkwap«n¡pIbmWv. tIcf¯n ]nSnIqSnbncn¡p¶ km{IanItcmKw hnZym`ymktaJesb XIÀ¡pI F¶Xt{X. P\m[n]Xykn²m´§fn¡qSn IS¶ph¶v, AXnÂ\n¶p hgpXnamdn, P\m[n]Xy acymZIsfbpw `cWLS\tbbpw ASnapSn FXnÀ¡p¶ Hcp ssien hfÀ¶pIgnªp. I½yqWnÌv kn²m´¯nsâ amen\yw hnZym`ymkamIp¶ NmepIfneqsS Hgp¡phm³ kÀ¡mÀ Xo{h{ia¯nemWv. hnZym`ymktaJebnse CuSpdvd aqey§Ä ]eXpw HgpInt¸mbn. CSXp]£ kÀ¡mcnsâ `cW¯n GdvdhpwIqSpX sRcp¡a\p`hn¨Xv `cWLS\Xs¶bmWv. tIcf¯nse P\§Ä `cWLS\sb¡pdn¨v ]Tn¡p¶Xv kÀ¡mcnsâ \à `cW¯nÂ\n¶Ã. `cW¯n\pw \ne]mSpIÄ¡psaXnsc tImSXn \S¯p¶ hn[n\ymb§fnÂ\n¶mWv. `cWLS\b\pkcn¨v `cn¡nà F¶ {]XnÚsbSp¯Xpt]msebmWv ]ecpsSbpw s]cpamdvdssienIÄ. 1920þ KmÔnPn a{ZmknÂh¨v {]kwKn¨p: ""kÀ¡mÀ \½psS alXzw kwc£n¡p¶nSt¯mfw, kÀ¡mcnt\mSpÅ klIcWw \½psS NpaXebmWv. kÀ¡mÀ \s½ kwc£n¡p¶Xn\p]Icw \½psS alXzw FSp¯pIfbpIbmsW¦nÂ, AhnsS kÀ¡mcnt\mSpÅ \nÊlIcWamWv \½psS D¯chmZnXzw.'' tIcf¯nse P\m[n]XyhnizmknIÄ `P\w sN¿m³ am{XaÃ, A\oXns¡Xnsc kacw sN¿m\pw XtâSapÅhcmWv. hnZymeb§fntebv¡v hnhn[ amÀ¤§fneqsS IS¶pIbdn amt\Ppsaânsâ \ymbamb AhImis¯ IhÀs¶Sp¡m³ ]cn{ian¡p¶ kÀ¡mcnsâ NnXwsI« s]cpamdvd§sf P\m[n]Xyt_m[apÅ tIcfobÀ Xncn¨dnªpIgnªncn¡p¶p.